Which statement about the limitations of universal precautions is true?

• A. They cover all body fluids and routes
• B. They do not cover all body fluids or all routes
• C. They apply only to non-blood pathogens
• D. They are redundant with vaccines

Answer: (B)

Universal precautions reduce risk by treating certain exposures as potentially infectious and using protective barriers, but they cannot anticipate every possible exposure. There are body fluids and transmission routes that fall outside what universal precautions cover, so they aren’t all-encompassing. In practice this limitation led to broader standards that include all body fluids and multiple transmission routes as needed, rather than relying on a single, narrow rule set. Vaccines can help reduce risk, but they do not replace the need for protective precautions.